In a statement to the Fourth World Conference on Women in Beijing in September 1995, the United Nations Secretary General Boutros Boutros-Ghali said that violence against women is a universal problem which must be universally condemned. But he said that the problem is growing.
The Secretary General noted that domestic violence is only increasing. Studies in 10 countries, he said, had found that between 17 percent and 38 percent of women have been physically assaulted by a partner.
The Programme of Action, the founding document of the Beijing conference, said that the government “is violence against women is a violation of fundamental human rights and an obstacle to the achievement of of equality, development and peace. ”
The work of the Special Committee Reporter
The issue of promoting women’s rights, the United Nations have concerns since the founding of the organization. But alarming global dimensions of female violence is not targeted specifically recognized by the international community in December 1993, when the UN General Assembly adopted the Declaration on the Elimination of Violence against Women .
So far, most governments have tended to violence against women is widely regarded as a private matter between individuals and do not require as a widespread problem of human rights, government intervention. Given the alarming increase of cases of violence against women around the world, the Commission on Human Rights in its resolution 1994/45 of 4 March 1994, in which it decided, the Special Rapporteur on violence against women to be appointed, including its causes and consequences.
Following these steps, the problem of violence against women was more political attention. The Special Rapporteur is mandated to collect and analyze data and comprehensive measures to eliminate violence at international, national and regional level are recommended. The mandate is threefold: To collect information on violence against women, its causes and consequences of sources such as governments, treaty bodies, specialized agencies and intergovernmental and non-governmental and respond effectively to such information <- - Next! "; To recommend actions and measures at national, regional and international levels to address the elimination of violence against women, its causes and effects; special order in close collaboration with other journalists, special representatives, working groups and independent experts of the Commission on Human Rights of rights.
incest, rape and domestic violence
Some women are abused before they were born, when expectant parents abort their unborn daughters, hoping for children instead. In other societies, girls are subjected to such traditional practices as circumcision, who left maimed and traumatized. In others they are forced to marry at an early age, before maturity physically, mentally or emotionally.
Women are victims of incest, rape and domestic violence, which often trauma, physical disability or death. And rape is still considered a weapon of war, a strategy to subjugate and terrorize entire communities in use. Soldiers deliberately impregnate <-! Next -> women of different ethnic groups and leave if it was too late for an abortion. Programme of Action of the Fourth World Conference on Women declared that rape in armed conflict is a war crime – and could in certain circumstances, be considered a genocide. Secretary General Boutros-Ghali said the Beijing Conference that more women are now directly under the impact of wars and conflicts than ever before in history.
“It is an unfortunate tendency to organized humiliation of women, including crimes of mass rape,” said the general. “We are an international legal action against the perpetrators of organized violence against women in times of conflict to grow. ”
A preliminary report in 1994 by the Special Rapporteur Report, Ms. Radhika Coomaraswamy, has focused on three areas of issue in which women are particularly vulnerable:
1 in the family (including violence domestic, traditional practices, infanticide);
2 in the community (including rape, sexual assault, violence marketed such as forced prostitution, exploitation of labor, immigrants, etc.);
3 and by the State (including violence against women in detention, and violence against women in armed conflict <-! next page -> conflict and against women refugees).
The Programme of Action of the World Conference on Women in Beijing, violence against women and human rights of women are 2 of the 12 critical areas of the greatest barriers to promoting woman.
identified commitments by governments / p> agreed to take up and implement national legislation to end violence against women and work actively with all international agreements ratified violence against women. They agreed that it shelters, legal assistance and other services for girls and women at risk, and counseling and rehabilitation for perpetrators. Governments also pledged to take appropriate measures in the field of education to change social and cultural patterns of men and women. And the platform called for media professionals to self-regulatory guidelines to address violent content, pornographic and degrading treatment, while promoting non-stereotyped, balanced and diverse images of women to develop.
definition of violence based on sex
Declaration on the Elimination of Violence against Women, the first international instrument on human rights exclusively and explicitly
problem of violence against women. It confirms that the phenomenon, which affects or prevents the violation of human rights of women and their exercise of fundamental freedoms.
The statement includes a definition of violence based on sex, describing it as “any act of gender-based violence, in, or likely physical injury, sexual or psychological harm or suffering to women, including threats of such acts, coercion or arbitrary deprivation of liberty on, whether in public or in life “private
The definition in Article 2 of the Declaration, the three areas where violence is often identified strengthened.
1.Physical, sexual and psychological violence in the family, including ill-treatment occurs, the sexual abuse of girls in the household, dowry-related violence, marital rape, female genital mutilation and other harmful traditional practices, women, non-
2, family violence and violence related to exploitation
sexual and psychological violence perpetrated or condoned by the State, wherever it occurs
GroundWork is based in Vienna
/ p> The importance of the issue of violence against women sponsored in the last decade by holding several meetings of the Panel of the United Nations to draw attention to the magnitude and emphasizes the seriousness of the problem.
In September 1992 the Commission of the United Nations Convention on the Status of Women, a special working group and gave a mandate to elaborate a draft declaration on violence against women.
The next year, condemned the United Nations Commission on Human Rights, in resolution 1993/46 of March 3, all forms of violence and violations of human rights are specifically directed against women. The World Conference on Human Rights in Vienna in June 1993 took place, important preliminary work for the elimination of violence against women. In the Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action, said that governments, the United Nations and Member States should work towards the elimination of violence against women in public and private life, all forms of harassment, sexual exploitation and trafficking of women, gender bias in the administration of justice <- -> next;!. and said any conflict between the rights of women and the harmful effects of certain traditional or customary practices, cultural prejudices and religious extremism
The document that “violations of human rights of women in situations of armed conflict, violations of fundamental principles of international human rights and international humanitarian law “and that all such violations – including murder, systematic rape, sexual slavery and forced pregnancy -” need a
forms of violence against women
Violence against women in the family occurs in developed and developing countries . It has long been considered a private matter of spectators – including neighbors, community and government. But these private matters tend to become public tragedies.
United States is a woman, beaten every 18 minutes. In fact, domestic violence is the leading cause of injury among women of childbearing age in the United States. Between 22 and 35 percent of women who visit emergency rooms are there for that reason. The process highly publicized OJ <-! Next -> Simpson, the retired U.S. soccer player of murdering his ex-wife and a friend of his paid, has helped attract media attention on the problem of domestic violence and spousal abuse. In Peru, 70 percent of all crimes, the police involve women beaten by their husbands. Pakistan Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto strongly defended the mother of two children of 35 years who was severely burned by her husband in a domestic dispute.
“There is no excuse for such behavior,” said the Prime Minister after visiting the hospital to the victim. “My presence here is a message to all those who violate the teachings of Islam and defy the laws of the land with their inhuman treatment of women. It will not be tolerated mediation. “According to the Commission on Human Rights in Pakistan, in 400 cases of domestic violence reported in 1993 ended in the province of Punjab, nearly half with the death of wife .
According to the Special Account journalists, many governments now recognize the importance of protecting victims of domestic violence and measures to punish the perpetrators. The creation of structures allows agents is to treat cases of domestic violence and its consequences, an important step towards the elimination <-! Next Page ->. Violence against women in the family
Special report highlights the importance of reporting the adoption of legislation which provides for prosecution of the author is available. He also stressed the importance of specialized training for law enforcement, medical and legal professionals and the establishment of community support for victims including access to information and shelter.
practices
In many countries women are victims of practices traditional violate their fundamental rights. The persistence of the problem has much of the fact that most of these physically and psychologically harmful habits deeply rooted in tradition and culture of society. do
Female genital Women’s
submitted to the World of Health, from 85000000 to 115000000 girls and women in the population by some form of female genital mutilation and suffer from their adverse effects on health. Each year, approximately 2 million girls undergo this procedure. Most live in Africa and Asia – but an increasing number can be found among the families of immigrants and refugees in Western Europe and North America. In fact, practice is <-! Next Page -> has been banned in some European countries. In France, a Malian sentenced by a criminal court after his girlfriend died of a female circumcision associated with infections. The procedure was performed on the child at home.
In Canada, had to undergo the anxiety of circumcision may be grounds for asylum. A Nigerian woman was granted refugee status because they understood that they are persecuted in their country of origin may be due to their refusal to inflict genital mutilation on her daughter. There is a growing consensus that the best way to eliminate these practices through campaigns education to emphasize that its dangerous consequences for health. Several governments have actively such campaigns in their countries.
son preference
Son preference for women in many countries, particularly in Asia. The consequences can be anything from fetuses and female infanticide to neglect of girls her brother regarding the basic needs such as nutrition, health basic education. In China and India, some women choose to terminate their pregnancies when the girls planned, but to carry their pregnancy to term when expected son
Reports of India, genetic testing his “
.! – Next -> to choose the sex has become a booming business, especially in areas north of the country. Indians clinical detection of gender has led to protests from women’s groups after the appearance of advertising suggesting that it was better to spend now to terminate a female fetus of 800 later, her dowry. A study of amniocentesis procedures in a large Bombay hospital found that 95 , 5 percent identified as female fetuses were aborted, compared to a much smaller percentage of male fetuses. The issue of son preference in many other countries. When asked how many children fathered, the former boxing champion Muhammad Ali U.S., said in an interview: “One boy and seven mistakes.”
dowry and early marriage
In some countries, marriages preceded by the payment of the agreed dowry to the family of the bride. Not doing so can pay the dowry of the head to violence.
In Bangladesh, a wife whose dowry was too small was disfigured after her husband threw acid on her face appears. In India, an average of five women a day in dowry disputes are burned – and many more cases go unreported. Early marriage, especially without the consent of the girl, is another form of the <-! Next Page -> Human Rights violation. Early marriage followed by multiple pregnancies are likely to affect women’s health to life. The report of the Special Committee journalists have documented the devastating effects of marriage for girls under 18 and has called on governments to adopt the relevant legislation. Violence
community
rape
Rape can happen anywhere, even in the family, where he can take the form of marital rape or incest. It occurs in the community where a woman may be victim of an aggressor. It also occurs in situations of armed conflict and in refugee camps.
shows in the United States, national statistics show that a woman raped every six minutes. In the 1995 case of a Brazilian jogger raped and murdered in New York in Central Park again focused international attention on the issue. The incident occurred just a few years after a previous attack jogger sensational case in which the victim – an American raid in the same area of the park – barely survived after her attacker left her for dead
The relationship between residents of the Japanese island of Okinawa and American GIs were thrown into turmoil in 1995 after two Marines and a sailor have <-! next page -> kidnapped and raped a girl of 12 years. The Special Rapporteur? Report underlines the importance of public education on the particular horror of the rape awareness and training for staff of the sensitivity of the police and the hospital with the victims.
work sexual assault in marriage
In many countries, sexual assault by a man on his wife not as a crime: a woman is expected that the present. It is very difficult in practice for a woman to prove that sexual assault took place, unless they can prove a serious injury. The report of the Special Committee Report noted that light sentences send in sexual assault cases
the wrong message to perpetrators and the general public. That the sexual victimization of women is irrelevant
sexual harassment
Sexual harassment in the workplace is a growing problem for women. Employers abuse their authority on sexual favors of their women colleagues or subordinates, sometimes look very promising promotions and other forms of career advancement or simply creating a hostile work environment and untenable. Women who give such refuse sexual advances often run the risk of everything from demotion to dismissal. But in
more have come forward to denounce these practices -. Some of their cases in court before
noted in its report, the rapporteur, that sexual harassment constitutes discrimination based on sex. “This is not only degrades women,” the report says, “but strengthened and made reflects the idea of non-professionalism on the part of workers who are considered less likely their duties as their male colleagues.”
prostitution and trafficking in human beings
Many women are either forced into prostitution by their parents, husbands or friends – or as a result of difficult economic and social conditions in which they are located. They are lured into prostitution, sometimes promise of “mail order bride” agencies to find a man or a job in a foreign country. Consequently, they often find themselves in illegal brothels in conditions analogous to slavery in which they physically abused and kept their passports limited.
Most of the first women victims of sex trafficking have little idea of what to expect. You should get a very small percentage of what the customer pays for pimps or brothel owners. Once <-! Next -> made in the system there is virtually no way out, and they find themselves in a situation is very difficult. Since prostitution is illegal in many countries it is difficult for prostitutes to come forward and seek protection if they want to be victims of rape or to escape from brothels. Customers on the other hand, are rarely the subject of criminal laws.
In Thailand, prostitutes, who will complain to the police often arrested and sent back to the brothels after the payment is sent to a fine. The extent of trafficking of women and girls has reached alarming proportions, especially in Asian countries.
Many women and girls are traded across borders, often with the complicity of border guards. In one case, burning to death five young prostitutes in a brothel fire because they were chained to their beds. During the visit of the same sex in developing countries is a well-organized industry in several European countries and other industrialized countries.
Special Report called on governments to take measures to protect girls from being recruited as prostitutes and monitor recruitment agencies.
Violence against women migrant workers
workers generally leave their country for better living conditions and better pay – but the real benefits for both host countries and countries
. sent p> For the host country, money from migrant workers is an important source of hard currency, while the host country in a work situation for low paid jobs that are otherwise available in the book.
But the migrant workers themselves are less successful and sometimes tragedy. Many are virtual slaves, subject to abuse and rape by their employers.
In the Middle East and Persian Gulf, there are approximately 1.2 million women, mostly Asians, who are employed as domestic workers. According to independent human rights group Middle East Watch, migrant women in Kuwait often suffer beatings and sexual assaults at the hands of their employers.
Police are often unnecessary. In many cases, women who are raped by their employers report are sent to the employer – or even attacked the police. Working conditions are often deplorable, and to prevent employers from fleeing the women in the seizure of their passports or identity papers. The report of the Special Rapporteur Committee drew attention to the fact that there are many ‘international -! Next ->. Instruments that are used to prevent abuse against women migrants and to propose measures to protect the human rights of migrant women
porn
Another problem in the Reporter Special report said pornography, a form of violence against women, which “glorifies degradation and abuse of women and has maintained its secondary function as mere receptacles for male lust.”
Violence perpetrated or condoned by states
guard violence against women
against women by the people they are supposed to protect – the members of law enforcement and criminal justice – are largely used is
p or physically. abused, they also suffer from sexual and physical torture. According to Amnesty International, thousands of women in prison are routinely violated in detention centers police worldwide. The report of the Special Committee stresses the need for the U.S. reporter, abuse of women accused of persecution in jail and hold them accountable for their actions.
Violence
cons in women
Rape was widely used as a weapon of war, where armed conflict between different parties. It is used everywhere: in Chiapas, Mexico, Rwanda, Kuwait, Haiti, Colombia. Women and girls are often raped by soldiers of all sides of a conflict occurred. These acts are mostly trample the dignity of victims. Rape has been used to strengthen the policy of ethnic cleansing of the war, the tear is near the former Yugoslavia
The “comfort women” supposedly -. Country, Boys Girls colonized or occupied, the sex slaves for Japanese soldiers during the Second World War – a problem that stage in a historical context. Many of these women are now coming forward and seek redress for their suffering from the Japanese authorities. ” Such is the symbolic rape rape of the community, the destruction of the basic elements of a society and culture – the ultimate humiliation of the enemy of mankind, “noted the report of the Special Representative journalist. She stressed the need to bring perpetrators of such crimes fully accountable.
Violence
cons refugees and displaced women