Education is the foundation of women’s empowerment in India: Prospects, challenges and solutions

MD Sambangi

Senior Associate Professor and Chief

Department of Social Work, Kodaikanal Christian College, Tamil Nadu, India

Education is a tool powerful in the emancipation and empowerment of women. The main factor that can improve the situation of incredible women in any society is education. It is essential that women’s education will not only gain more knowledge about the world outside their house and home, but to help his status, self-esteem and the courage and confidence inner strength to get to meet the challenges in life. Apparently, it is also enabled them to obtain employment and supplement family income and achieve social status. Women’s education in particular has a great impact on health and nutrition as a tool to control the development of a sustainable strategy for the population. Moreover, educated women can be just as important that men play in nation building. Thus, not to deny that education enables women. Because different organs of the United Nations and experts to advocate women’s liberation for women’s education as a fundamental step towards equal rights with men to achieve.

One of the recommendations of the National Policy on Education (1986) by the Government of India, the empowerment of women through the agency is to promote education, and it is considered a milestone in the approach to the education of women are illiterate. The National Literacy Mission is another positive step towards eradicating illiteracy in the age group 15-35 years. Female education is particularly important in the context of planned development in India acceptable as it is presented in the plans for five years as an important program for women’s development. Universal primary education, enrollment and retention of girls in schools, promoting balwadis and crutches, an increasing number of schools and colleges of arts, science and professional Polytechnic for girls, girls hostels, multi-purpose institutions and adult education are just some of the steps taken by governments and central state in India to boost women’s education

women’s education: prospects and challenges

In spite of the strong intervention by a bastion of privilege women, feminist criticism, constitutional guarantees to privacy laws and the sincere efforts of state governments and the central government through various measures and programs in the last 62 years, and in particular the United Nations under tremendous pressure to raise the plight of women in education is still in the state, a mystery in India for several reasons. The report of the 2001 Census shows that female literacy, since only 54 percent is almost disheartening that the rate of female literacy in India is much less than the national average is 65.38. The growth of women in rural areas is very slow. Of course, this means that even great women of our country are illiterate, the weak, backward and exploited. In addition, education is not for everyone as well. Gender inequality is in training, which is proved by the fact enhanced the rate of illiteracy among women, only 54% to 76% of men according to the 2001 census.

Table -1 The literacy rate in India from 1901 to 2001

——– —— – ——————————————- —— – ——————————————- —— – -

percentage of the writers of the total population

staff years Men Women

1901 5.3 9.8 0, 7, 1911 5, 9 10.6 1.1 1921 7.2 12.2 1.8 1931 9.5 15.6 2.9 1941 16.1 24.9 7.3 1951 16.7 24.9 7 3 1961 24, 0 34.4 13.0 1971 29.5 39.5 18.7 1981 36.2 46.9 24.8 1991 52.1 63.9 39.2 2001 65.38 76.0 54, 0

——————————————— — – ——————————————— — p – —————— Source: Census of India, Government of India (2001)

According to Table 1, the female literacy pre-independence has been very poor compared to sprint literacy rate for men. It is the fact that female literacy has increased from 0.7% to 7.3%, where the illiteracy rate for men from 9.8% to 24.9% in these four decades, has experienced an increase greater. During the post-independence period literacy rate showed a significant increase in the general population. But the literacy rate for men has almost tripled over the period, for example, 25% in 1951 and 76% in the literacy rate for women increased 2001.Surprisingly at a faster rate than literacy men during the decade 1981 -2001. Growth is almost 6 times for example 7.9% in 1951 and 54% in 2001. From this analysis we can deduce that there is still the illiteracy rate of women (only half of women are writers) below the male literacy rate for cotton (three quarters of the male population are writers) . The dropout rate is also relatively higher than in women. This higher rate of illiteracy among women is probably due to play for the women dependent on men in a subordinate role. Lack of education is the cause of women “exploitation and abandonment. Only literacy can help women, the constitutional and legislative Indians, which is done to strengthen them to understand. The promotion of female education is of great importance in that they enable them to achieve their goals especially with men in various spheres of life.

the causes of low literacy rates among women in India

Female education is a multidimensional phenomenon. No single factor can cause or be responsible for low female literacy in India. Then, with a combination of many factors, including their social, cultural, economic, educational, demographic, political, administrative and so on. The following are some of the most important factors for the current state of affairs of poor women could be attributed to education

The Lower Registration . The lower enrollment of girls in schools is one of the fundamental factors that are a stumbling block for the advancement of women in India. Reliable sources indicate that over 50% of non- starters (those who never attended school) are girls. According to the latest statistics, two out of ten girls are enrolled in the age group of 6-11 schools is not yet

more dropout rate of girls from school . The incidence and prevalence of dropouts among girls especially in rural, tribal and slum areas appears to be very high depending on the arrangement. Sources, the appearance of neglect and stagnation of girls is almost twice that of boys in India

Girl Child as a second mother: In many families, girls play the role of second mother to the child to take responsibility of household work, how to choose the care of siblings, water, collecting firewood, make food for livestock, cleaning and cooking, etc. in rural India especially in poor families, this traditional role makes girls with disabilities and limited by the attitude of mother and family and discourage girls go to school as secondary

Bonded Labour is: This social evil is a fairly intimidating that are an obstacle to girls’ education in rural areas for poor families in the age group and men in agricultural work, appointments and caste tribes

Cast system as an obstacle. have forced children belonging to low caste family, work, skills and opportunities and are not encouraged to go due to various factors in the education strict / communities threatened by high caste of their selfish motives they regard as domestic workers and children working on farms or in school facilities

dowry as a string. dot system and other social practices serve as the main reasons for the abandonment of girls and discrimination against girls, including the forfeiture of the right to education. In many families, especially the poor and oppressed when their daughters think educated, they must accumulate over more assets and properties give dowry largely at marriage, prefer to stop longer, their children an education and so on average, but education does not exceed ever. The more people in disadvantaged families and communities

Much of the population of children in the practices of India child labor, according to UN sources, India is the most populous country of child labor in the world with over 50 million child workers in beedi work to make rugs, diamonds from the mine. -. varnish, construction, glass, bangles, games and fireworks, jewelry, crafts spoiled zari work, embroidery, industrial, coconut, domestic work, construction, etc. In most of these industries girl children for high productivity and

school for poor girls are preferred. In general, schools for girls in India are not really interesting promising. The subjects taught in schools are not related to the environment for girls. Teaching methods are usually made of -. dated, stiff and uninteresting There are still hundreds of schools with poor basic facilities such as drinking water, latrines and sanitation facilities, improper construction and inadequate number of teachers better, especially female teachers for all parents for the safety of their nannies from different types of exploitation and abuse.

Female age at marriage : There is a strong association of women’s literacy with women’s age at marriage and large age of marriage for women 18 (recent 21 years) according to the rule. all other legislation in India. It is very often ignored and neglected by the families of parents with low literacy and illiteracy in the background. This abhorrent practice advises girls to continue their studies and higher education because they enter the family life at an early age, not desirable for the prospect of physical and mental health and social development.

I nferiority, submission and domesticity: Expected The girl child in Indian culture, especially in rural families, tribal and poor people who want to develop the qualities of inferiority, submission and domesticity place restrictions on their training and development

poverty and distinct as an obstacle: In many poor families, children, especially girls considered assets because they come back to life, and economic crises caused by death or disability savings get parents (ill / disabled / age)

ineffective enforcement of machines: the Indian Constitution and various laws relating to education for children free education and compulsory for all children of this nation, but unfortunately, the enforcement mechanisms are unable to perform his duties and responsibilities to the satisfaction of the public interest and welfare of women

factors Population: Strong population growth, rapid urbanization, migration, and therefore attribute great for the poor literacy rate of women and girls in India

Poor political will and conviction : Government officials, politicians and policy makers of our country or the political will nor have the conviction to empower women in general.

Measures to improve sanitation rate female literacy in India

The following measures to bring a phenomenal change in the situation of education and empowerment of women in India

Ø Since the current situation of the poor or less enrollment of girls in schools are seen as closing the doors for development and prosperity of future generations of women, joint efforts should jointly by the Government, parents and civil society are taken to achieve universal education for girls without compromise. Registration can still be mandatory for all girls by the Government in the field of compulsory education.. The Ministry of Education both at central level and the center should develop policy measures to determine the persistence of high dropout rates among girls especially in rural, tribal areas and slums to stop with the serious participation of voluntary organizations in each region to achieve zero drop out with girls. The families affected by poverty through research and appropriate services necessary for poverty reduction can be identified to enhance the income to enable families and their children in schools and universities, without much hard work into financial servitude of children and the practice of child labor must send deleted stringent administrative measures and slavery of children to facilitate form should integratedinto schools with adequate social protection mechanism. The Appropriate measures should be taken by education authorities with the participation of local authorities to the girl to bring children to the integration of education and development at all levels, including family and community. The female child in every Indian family, regardless of socioeconomic status should be trained to meet the challenges of inferiority, submission and domesticity, the severity of restrictions on their training and development instead. Each family can, regardless of their socio-cultural and economic, it is a challenge to their children, two girls and man in the dignity and empowerment in the physical, intellectual, economic and social life. The arrangements for lunch and other educational support services such as free textbooks, books, tips uniform costs may release free bicycles, free bus service, bus passes and Scholarships are doing so in the state of Tamil Nadu in all states and union territories provided to increase the literacy rate among girls as social evils such as dowry, marriage children, the caste system and other practices that deny the rights of education for children belonging to poor families and disadvantaged communities, they must be carefully designed кърти чисти извозва of programs for mass awareness and social measures to eliminate full support of public, politicians, NGOs and government agencies. The print and electronic media can have an important role in building a good image and positive girls and women generally in society by any accent that advertising and marketing messages to make a profit at the expense of women as an object to play. This would help to cope with change in social attitudes towards girls and their roles in each girl or woman as a man with respect esteem and dignity. Government, nonprofit organizations and philanthropic individuals should submit to free education for poor girls and provide facilities free hostel for girls studying in schools and universities in all states India. It will certainly encourage children from poor families and universities without a good many obstacles to follow schools of social work, women’s studies departments, universities and other educational institutions in the hand with NGOs and social organizations such as Rotary Clubs, Lions Clubs, women can work together lib Associations Organisations to improve the educational level of women in this country based on mutual respect and understanding. Parents of children poor families and disadvantaged in particular should be educated with the proper formula for social work should help the importance of educating their children, girls as a basis for the empowerment of the government, NGOs and the public sector hand to implement the minimum understanding at the time of marriage (21 and over) to raise awareness, acrossing cut institutionalized as a traditional practice of caste, religion, community, etc. Government officials, politicians, political parties and others have political will and conviction to Women in India without a double standard should be the spirit of repression machinery, vigilant to ensure a truly effective system for monitoring the effective implementation of constitutional provisions and laws and regulations to education free and compulsory for all children of this nation, without discrimination based on sex.

REFERENCES

NLGupta (2003) Women’s Education in the Middle Ages, Concept Publications Co, New Delhi. RKRao (2001) Women and Education, Kalpaz Publications, New Delhi SPAgarval (2001), women’s education in India (1995-98) the current status, outlook, plan, statistical indicators of the Global View Vol III Concept Publications Co, New Delhi. Roberta Hamilton (1978) Liberation of Women London, George Allen Publishers Kotha Jaya Pillai (1995) and the empowerment of women, Gyan Publishing House, New Delhi Government of India, Census of India 2001 Mishra Saraswathi, the status of Indian women, Gyan Publishing House, New Delhi 2002

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